Keyboard

The invention that led to the computer keyboard was typewriter, patented by Christopher Latham Sholes in1868. When it was first introduce, the keyboard (In Typewriter) had character arranged alphabetically but it led to jam on pressing the neighboring key in succession. This led to the arrival of QWERTY keyboard layout. When introduced in computers same QWERTY layout was followed with certain addition key like arrow key and function key. In addition to this a separate numeric keypad is also introduced with others key like Home, Delete, Page UP, Page Down etc. After that keyboard has gone through the various changes. Wireless keyboard, multimedia keyboard were also introduced.

Monitors

The first computer monitors used CRT’s which made the monitor large in size. These monitors used to be monochrome with poor video quality. Later IBM introduced graphic adapter 1981 for color display which actually displayed four colors. But LCD monitor had a great impact on this market. With the advent of LCD in monitor, the size and weight of the monitor decreased and clarity increased but because of its cost it was restricted to laptops. CRT was still popular among general public because of their wider view angle and the lost cost but as the price of LCD decreased they become favorite and slowly stared replacing CRT. Though today LED is replacing the plasma and LCD screen science it has more sharpness and clarity but because of its cost it is still not the highest selling display unit.

Webcam

Webcam was introduced in 1991 in Cambridge University Computer Science Department and was known as Coffee Cam. Science this camera could be used over the Internet or web; it was based on the fact that they are low in cost and are portable and the cheapest way for video calling. Today webcams are widely used for video calling, video conference and surveillance. It also help people who are hard of hearing in communicating through sign languages. Apart from these features webcam can be use for gesture control.

USB

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

USB was introduced in January 1996. The idea was to standardize the connectivity of the devices. Also these devices were not plug-and-play devices. It was actually the brain child of seven different companies-Microsoft, IBM, Intel, Compaq, Nortel, DEC and NEC. The data transfer rate was also high as compared to the other ports. For USB 1.0 it was 1.5 Mb/s, referred to as low speed, and 12 Mb/s as full speed. Later in April 200, USB 2.0 was released with a maximum high speed data transfer of 480 Mb/s. now in 2008 USB 3.0 was also launched with a maximum transfer rate of 5 Gb/s. there is no doubt that USB has change the way we connect our devices to computer.

RAM

Before microchip memory was in the form of transistors, tubes etc. but then came the static RAM, developed in 1969 by Intel. Later Honeywell introduced the first dynamic RAM 1102 but that failed, so they come up with 1103. It was said to be largest selling chip during early 70,s. it was said to be the turning point in the history of integrated chips, since for the first time a fairly good amount of information could be stored on a single chip.

Processor

Single chip microprocessor was introduced by Intel in 1971, called Intel 4004. Before this, few hundreds of transistors were used and placed on a circuit board and then few numbers of these boards were used as processor. It was 4-bit processor which actually revolutionized the embedding system. Microprocessor increased the reliability as the design was simplified and there were few electrical connections. Then in 1972, Intel came up with the world’s first 8-bit processor Intel 8008. But the Intel 8080, introduces in 1974, became the integral part of personal computer and was used in MITS Altair 8800 computer and machines running CP/M operating System. In 1976 Intel introduced 16-bit 8086 processor which was later used to devise 8088 by IBM for the first PC. Major breakthrough can be dedicated to Pentium which was released in 1993, which had a speed of 60 MHz and could process data like images, handwriting, voice etc. In 2006 Intel come up with core Processor, which has speed of 1.6 GHz and consist of multiple cores.

Mouse

Mouse was introduced by Douglas Engelbart and Bill English at Stanford Research Institute in 1963. The device was named “mouse” science it had a wire at the rear, which looked like a tail. It used to wheel placed perpendicular to each other. Later in 1972, Bill English came with ball mouse. With time, this ball mouse became obsolete because of the laser and optical mouse. You no longer require a smooth surface to turn them and the wire which gave mouse its, name has also been removed because of Bluetooth technology.

History of computing: Timeline

Here we present a detailed timeline of events and milestones in the history of computing.

YEAR	Inventions and Discoveries
2400 BC	Abacus, the first known calculating device, was invented in Mesopotamia
500 BC	Indian mathematician Panini introduced the precursor to modern formal language theory
300 BC	Pingala invented the binary number system
87 BC	Antikythera put up Rhodes to track movement of stars
1614	John Napier invents a system of moveable roads (Napier’s Rods) based on logarithm which was able to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots
1623	Calculating Clock was invented by Wihelm Schickard
1642	Blaised Pascal invents a mechanical adding machines called Pascaline calculator
1822	Charles Babbage builds his first mechanical computer
1834	The Analytical Engine was invented by Charles Babbage
1835	Samuel Morse invented Morse code
1848	Boolean algebra is invented by George Boole
1896	Herman Hollerith begins the Tabulating Machines Company which later become IBM
1906	Lee De Forest invents the electronic tube
1911	IBM is formed on June 15, 19911
1937	Alan Turning developed develops the concepts of a theoretical computing machine
1939	John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry developed the ABC (Atanasoft-Berry Computer)
1945	John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly developed the ENISC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
1947	Douglas Engelbart replaced punched card with keyboard and screen display
1951	UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was introduced, the first commercial computer made in the United State. The EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) began performing basics task
1955	Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer
1957	Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 are launched by the Russians
1958	ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) and NASA is formed
1958	First integrated circuited, or silicon chip, is produced by US Jack Kibly and Robert Noyce
1964	IBM introduced the first word processor
1965	Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson coined the term “hypertext”
1967	IBM created the first floppy disk
1971	E-mails was invented by Ray Tomlison
1975	Altair produced the first portable computer
1976	Apple Computers was founded Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs
1981	IBM PC was born
1982	Commodore 64 became the best- selling computer of all time
1991	World Wide Web id launched to the public
1991	Linux was born
1993	Intel Pentium was released
1995	Java was introduced
1995	Window 95 was launched

How install Window 7

1-with USB medium (boot-able pen drive)

2-with window DVD

STEP 1-

First of all insert the medium through which you are wanted to install the window. If you want to install the window through pen drive then first make it boot-able and take extract form of window in the bootable pen drive and insert it in the USB port of your computer in which your want to install window.

If you want to install window with DVD then insert the DVD in DVD slot.

STEP 2-

In this step shut down the system and start again and press ESC button again and again until the setup menu is not appear. Once the setup menu is appear from there select the medium through you are installing the medium. If you are installing the through the pen drive then select the USB pen drive or DVD. And press enter key.

STEP 3-

Here you will get a blue color window in that you get written Install and one more option of language selection. In the language selection you select the language English (EN English (United State)). And click on install.

STEP 4-

Now you will get a small window in which will show your all drives. Select the drive in which drive you are want to install. First format that drive. Select that drive and click next.

STEP 5-

This step takes long time to complete the installation. In this step installation process happen. When this step is completed window will be automatically shut down. Start your computer now your system is ready to use with window 7.

Create Bootable USB Pen drive for Window 7

First open command window (To open the cmd window first click on ‘START” and write “CMD” in search box. Click on CMD then you will find a black color window that is cmd window.) And write there.

DISKPART

LIST DISK

SELECT DISK 1

CLEAN

CREAT PARTITION PRIMARY

SELECT PARTITION 1

ACTIVE

FORMAT FS=NTFS QUICK

ASSIGN

EXIT

Now exit the pen drive and it is now bootable.

Symbian

Symbian OS was originally owned by Symbian Ltd. Latter in 1998 companies like Nokia, Ericsson, Symbian come together and renamed it Symbian OS.

First devices to use Symbian OS were Ericsson R380 and were also referred to as first Smartphone. Later Nokia 9210 Communicator was regarded to be the first open phone based in Symbian Foundation was established which was a non-profitable organization and in 2010 Symbian Platform was officially made available as open source. Before Android and iOS Symbian was the market leader in mobile phones OS. Until 2011 Symbian OS was at the top in market share but now a behind Android. This made Nokia replacing Symbian with Window Phones as the OS for its future mobiles phones.

Window Phone

Based on its history, one cannot expect Window Mobile to expand its market again but with Windows Phones we cannot say the same. Since Microsoft has collaborated with Nokia (which is still at the top as mobile manufacturer even after a drastic drop in the market share) for its Windows Phones. HTC was initially stuck to Window Mobile but later moved to Android but now with the launch of Mango (Window OS 7.5), HTC again launched mobile phones based on Windows OS. It include features like IE9, which work in the same fashion as in the desktop and for gamers it integrates the handset with XBox 360. With Microsoft Office mobile version and SkyDrive available on the phones you can synchronize your Microsoft Office.

iOS

Originally developed for iPhones, iOS was later extended to iTouch and ipad. Though Apple was not the first company to brought touch screen mobile phones in the market but the quality of the iOS and the iPhones brought in the market was not overshadowed by anyone in the market. It,s the iOS touch interface that created the market for the touch phones and it successfully created a stronger market for smart phones. Apple has always worked towards making life simple and easier. You can simply give the instruction to your phone and it will “intelligently” perform the task. Initially third party applications were not supported on iOS but today, according to apple more than 5, 00,000 Applications are present on Apple Store. 

Blackberry OS

Blackberry is the mobile OS developed by “Research In Motion” for its Blackberry products. This OS supports multitasking and different inputs devices like track wheel, trackball. Now BlackBerry has replaced these devices with track pad and touch screen. Blackberry has once or rather still has a strong hold in enterprises or corporate.

Blackberry is best known to be a device for corporate. Well the reason behind this is the support for the corporate emails. Through BlackBerry Enterprises Server, organizations can integrate their mail server with the BlackBerry mobiles. It allows them to synchronize their email with Microsoft Exchange, Lotous Domino, calendar, contacts etc. for push emails and instant messaging (Blackberry Messengers)a  high security through message encryption, available on the device itself, is maintained. BBM was the first introduced in Feb 2008. This is equipped with feature like sending and receiving messages, sharing photos, sending music’s files, etc. BBM allows multiple Blackberry users to chat in a group. This made the communication between different users a lot easier and cheaper. This also gave other a chance to develop the same kind of app for different platforms. For these services, BB uses its own server. But it raised the security concern in the different countries. In addition to its fleet of mobiles, blackberry has also launched a tablet-Playbook.

Android

Android was actually purchased by Google in 2005 from a company named Android Inc. Released in November 2007, Android is a Linux based open source OS for mobiles and tablets. The first commercial version, which was Android 1.0, was released in P 2008. With the release of the Android 1.5 codename Cupcake, Android versions were named after desert. Like version 1.6 was codename Donut, 2.1 Éclair, 2.2 Froyo, 2.3 Gingerbread 3.0 Honeycomb and finally 4.0 Ices-cream Sandwich. One thing to notice is that the versions are named in alphabetically order. Out of all the version that are released only 3.0 is tablet specific.

Android has actually taken the mobile market with a storm. Android made it possible for companies to come up with cheap smart phones. It also gave the chance for the small companies to come up with their handsets, since they do not have to purchase the right of the OS. It shook the tablet market also, which was once impacted by Apple. Now the companies like Samsung, Reliance, Acer have launched their Android based tablets. Today anyone can buy a tablet for Rs 10,000. Also, the cheapest tablet, Aakash is based on Android.

Novel NetWare

Novel NetWare was the first introduced in 1983 and involved the concept of files of sharing. It is Novell’s Netware that made the networking what OS today. A robust operating system, Netware made it possible to use cheap Intel-based servers instead of costly RISC ones demanded by UNIX. To those not well versed in the inner working of UNIX, the advent of Novell Directory Service (NDS0 made managing networks easier than it was ever before.

MacOS

MacOS was the first introduced in 1985 with Apple’s Macintosh computer. At the launch, it was known as “system”. It was the first operating system to be based on graphical user interface (GUI) and that it stands apart from the other operating system. Also one does not need to have a hold on command like in MS-DOS. But there were certain loopholes in this OS. It did not support multi-tasking, that mean you could run only one application on it at a one time. Apart from that there were also compatibility issues with other OSes. Multitasking was brought in MacOS with the release of the system5. But the major upgrade in this series was System7.

Microsoft Window

There is no denying that Microsoft windows have revalorized the way of computing. With the growing interest of people in graphical interface, Microsoft introduced window 1.0 in November 1985. It was more of extensions of MS_DOS, where you do not have to type command instead move the mouse curser. It lacked the functionality, so Microsoft released the window 2.0 in 1987. But the major breakthrough was Microsoft Window 95, launched in August 1995. This version of window had networking support and was the first to have plug and play capability. This version also offered the multimedia capabilities. Within a year of its launched, it became a hugely successful and popular OS in world. Another Microsoft product that highly impacted the business world was window NT. Window NT was 32 bit operating system which was built to meet the high-end business requirement. Other features like processor independency, hardware and software popularity and multi-user environment made it stand apart from other OSes present in the market at that time.

Latter in 1998, Microsoft released Window 98 which was consumer specific. The quick Launch bar that we have today in Window was first introduced in Win98. Other improvement included support for USB devices and DVD and it is the last OS based in MS-DOS. After that Microsoft came up with enhanced and redesigned version of Window which includes Window ME, XP, Vista and 7. Now with the launch of Window 8 Developers preview, Microsoft seems to be ready to take the tablet market also.

Linux Operating System

Started as a small project in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, Linux turned out to be a revolution in the operating system market. Since then there is no turning back. It has grown from a small number of files of sources code to 300+ distros. From operating system to network storage, anti-virus to firewall, this open source software has everything to serve an enterprise. You do not have to play any licensing fees also.

When Linux kernel was first launched, it had restriction to commercial activities. But later was made available for the world for free. Torvalds then invited the programmer to enhance the functionality of the Linux but on a condition that it should be free. Though Linux is not much famous among the general public and the reason behind this is that its functionality. Also it is freeware you can not call for troubleshooting. But a large community of Linux programmer is available on the internet who is ready to help you out.